Autism Screening Quiz

There are many early warning signs and symptoms of autism that can present in babies, some say as early as 6 months to one year old, though most children get diagnosed with autism-like symptoms closer to the age of 18 months when the signs become more apparent. Some of the early warning signs include:

 

 

• Impaired social interaction


• Problems with verbal and non-verbal communication


• Failure to respond to name


• Avoidance of eye contact with other people


• Repetitive movements such as rocking or twirling


• Self-abusive behavior such as biting or head-banging

 

 

With autism numbers on the rise (a CDC study shows that as many as 1 in 100 children have autism), it is only natural that paranoia may set in when it comes to signs of this baffling disorder whose cause is so unknown. How many of us haven’t felt that twinge of fear when your baby doesn’t respond to his name, or doesn’t say any words by the age of 12 months? How many parents have woken up panicked in the middle of the night and gone to the computer to Google the signs of autism? If you’ve ever worried that your baby may have autism but did not want to ask your pediatrician for fear of sounding like an over-worried parent, now there is a quiz you can take that will help you know if you really should ask a professional to evaluate your child.  According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, there are a number of things that parents, teachers, and others who care for children can look for to determine if a child needs to be evaluated for autism. This autism quiz asks about 'red flags' that could be a sign that a Pediatrician or other health professional should evaluate a child for autism or a related communication disorder.

 

 

But before you panic, keep in mind that other conditions can also cause these symptoms, that you have to consider what your child can do in an age appropriate manner (for example, a 6 month old likely won't respond to his name), and that normal children can have some of these symptoms and behaviors (like being independent, walking on her toes, or preferring to play alone).

Having one or more of these signs, symptoms, and behaviors should prompt a discussion with your Pediatrician to see if further evaluation needs to be done. If you have any doubt, you should never fear asking a professional for help. Countless scientific studies show that when caught at a young age, early intervention using the treatment methods of applied behavior analysis (ABA) are extremely effective at helping a child with autism lead a more typical life.

To start the quiz, click on the link:

http://pediatrics.about.com/od/autism/l/bl_autism.htm

 

Daniel Adatto, BCBA

Limits and Consequences

In today’s pursuit of having confident children who believe they can achieve whatever they want, many parents overlook their responsibility to set limits for their children. Ironically, children who don’t learn limits may not develop the sense of security and self-esteem they need to achieve important life goals. One of the most challenging but fundamentally important principles of parenting is the ability to set limits for children and follow through with consequences when the boundaries have been crossed. Limits and boundaries provide children with a feeling of safety and love. Confidence develops when children know that their parents are looking out for them.

Limits and consequences are also a vital tool in behavior management. Limits are set to help your child to understand respect for himself and the world around him. The purpose of using consequences is to motivate children to make responsible decisions, not to force their submission. Consequences are effective only if you avoid having hidden motives of winning and controlling your child. Try not to establish rules solely for your convenience and always make sure you have realistic expectations. A child must have the cognitive capacity to understand the rules and the consequences for breaking the rules before the consequence is given. For example, an 18-month old child does not understand that he can get burnt from touching the stove. If he does not understand, he can’t be held responsible and should not receive a consequence. Instead, a parent can use distraction techniques or can arrange the environment to secure safety, such as putting up a safety gate when the stove is hot.

Consistency and follow-through are crucial when using limits and consequences to change a problematic behavior. If a limit has been established and been broken, a parent needs to follow through with a consequence. Any flexibility will teach the child what he can get away with in the future. In other words, mean what you say.

It will help you to set reasonable limits if you remember that your child needs freedom to explore, to learn and to discover. The right of children to play freely and to learn by doing things themselves must be acknowledged.

Here are some important guidelines when setting limits and consequences:

• The person whose rules were broken is responsible for enforcing and administering the consequence whenever possible. For example, school rules should be enforced at school by the teacher.
• One consequence per violation should be enforced.
• Be both firm and kind. Firmness refers to your follow through with the limit and consequence. Kindness refers to the manner in which you present the choice. A consequence should not be perceived as a punishment if it is to deter the behavior in the future. Be firm with the problem; be kind with your child.
• Consequences should be over as quickly as possible so a positive family atmosphere can be reestablished.
• Whenever possible, offer you child the chance for a do-over before enforcing a consequence. Give the child another chance to practice an appropriate behavior and be successful.
• Follow through with consequences as soon after the violation as possible so the child connects the consequence with his/her action.
• Be in control of yourself when administering or enforcing consequences. Any show of anger and frustration, such as yelling, name calling, criticizing or rage by the parent, cancels the effect of the consequence. Remember: it is you AND your child against the problem, not you against your child.
• Be patient. It will take time for the consequences to be effective.
• If you make the child feel bad, he’ll hold on to the behavior as part of his arsenal against the parent and this will not foster a parent-child alliance against the problem behavior.
• Consequences must be planned in advance. You should be prepared with a list of consequences you can call upon when the situation arises. Both parents should agree in advance what is an appropriate consequence.
• Choose consequences related to the violation, whenever possible. For example, if your child exhibits antisocial behavior, sending him to his room is a logical consequence (not as a punishment). If he’s disrupting the rest of the family, logically he needs to leave the room so as not to disturb the rest.
• Make sure the consequences you choose do not negatively affect you or the rest of the family more so than the child receiving the consequence. For example, limiting TV or cancelling a weekend outing may affect you and other siblings.

In sum, do not react to the behavior out of frustration and anger. When you implement consequences to manage challenging behaviors, think of it as helping your child to get back in control and teaching him important life skills such as patience, respect for others, and respect for himself.

After all, our kids are not our enemies. They don’t wake up in the morning thinking how to make us miserable. They are children, our son, our daughter, they are the most important thing in our lives, by far, and our love for them should be unconditional.

 

Daniel Adatto, BCBA

Understanding Applied Behavior Analysis

Behavior disorders in children are common and could be the result of a variety of causes. We, Applied Behavior Analysts, sort those causes and develop individualized treatment plans. We will evaluate your situation and work with you to develop a treatment plan. We believe that every child is unique and deserves an in-depth look into their particular situation. Each treatment plan we develop is tailored to meet the needs of each individual child.  Not all challenging behaviors in children are cause for concern but if you have any doubt, it is always best to have a professional assess your child.

The process starts with a comprehensive evaluation: The Functional Behavior Assessment. 

Functional Behavior Assessment is a process for gathering information to understand problem behaviors and develop effective behavior intervention plans. Functional Behavior Assessment is a set of methods for defining the environmental factors that contribute to, reliably predict, and maintain challenging behaviors. Understanding why a behavior occurs directly leads to how it can be changed. “By determining the contingencies that maintain problem behavior, functional analyses allow the development of effective function-based treatments.” (Iwata et al.,1994).

According to E. Cipani and K. Schock, “a function-based diagnostic does not presume that challenging behaviors are driven by characteristics inherent in the person, which is a sharp contrast with the traditional psychiatric approach to diagnosing clients’ behaviors (e.g. DSM-IV-R).” “In a function-based diagnostic, the form of the behavior (how the behavior looks like) does not dictate the function.”  This has significant implications in designing effective behavior interventions. If behaviors are identified according to their form, each and every behavior would require a different plan. When behaviors are assessed according their function, one intervention could be prescribed for different behaviors that serve the same function. As an example, a child that engages in hitting, kicking, throwing objects, crying, and screaming in order to avoid non-preferred activities (negative reinforcement function), would be prescribed with one intervention rather that five (one for each behavior).

Therefore, when trying to understand problematic behaviors in children it is important to consider the many different variables that could be playing a role in the behavior.  Every child throws tantrums. But each situation is different and there are countless motivating factors that could be causing the tantrum. Evaluating the environment in which the tantrum occurs, understanding the child's motivations, and assessing how the adults and caregivers in the child’s life react to the behavior are all factors that help us develop a strategy to treat the behavior disorder.  To give us the complete picture, we look at all the possible reasons why a child is behaving a certain way. We include interviews with the family as well as all those who interact with the child, such as a teacher or relative, to give us a more in-depth look at the child’s life.

We observe the child in different situations, including when and where the behaviors are less likely to occur, because those situations give us an insight of what works for this child. We analyze the variables that contribute to the occurrence and non-occurrence of the challenging behaviors, and develop hypotheses about their functions, the why this child engage in these behaviors? What is the child trying to obtain or avoid?

We manipulate those variables to prevent undesired behaviors and trigger desired ones, thus confirming or ruling out our hypotheses.

And we develop behavioral plans that match the functions of the behaviors.

In sum, by taking an individualized approach, we maximize the chance of success of the treatment plan.

Daniel Adatto, MA, BCBA

Childhood Obesity

 (Third of a series of blogs related to this issue)

Some good news caught my attention lately.

First, this new season of “The Biggest Loser” (NBC) addresses childhood obesity; it includes three teenagers- a 16-year-old and two 13-year-old- to the cast. Kudos to NBC!

Second, a recent LA Times’ article about six big city school districts (LA, New York, Chicago, Dallas, Miami and Orlando, Fla.) uniting for healthier meals. We are talking about 2.5 million daily meals. The goal is to reduce fat, sugar and sodium. Less corn dogs, coffee cakes and chicken nuggets and more whole grains and fresh produce. “The alliance marks the biggest step yet to transform school meals,” said David Binkle, L.A. Unified’s food services director.

Are diabetes and obesity in children finally becoming a national concern? Will other school district join the crusade? Hopefully, yes.

I visit 11 LAUSD schools on a weekly basis. I still see field trips to the burger and donuts shops, and pizzas and cupcakes for celebrations. Why? Can field trips be planned a little more carefully?  Can they provide healthier options in the classrooms?

So, what’s being done is a good move in the right direction, but there is still plenty more to do. Although tough to confront, childhood obesity is an issue that has to be addressed by the professionals who work with children and adolescents (pediatricians, teachers, counselors, sport coaches, etc.), and even more so by parents.

In order to make a difference, serious behavioral changes need to be made at home surrounding the family’s eating habits and lifestyles. These kinds of changes can be difficult after years of bad habits have been created but here are some tips with steps you can start taking TODAY to slowly create new healthy habits.

-        Involving the whole family: Healthy eating should be part of the family culture. Sit down with your kids at a calm time and explain it to them in simple language they can understand. You can say something like “From now on we are going to eat healthy foods so we can feel better.” Involve your kids in planning weekly menus. They can search the Web for healthy and delicious foods. By educating them on the topic and involving them, they will make healthy eating their own goal.

-        Reducing the portions: Give your children smaller portions of food. When they ask for more, make some physical activity contingent to it (clean up the toys, take the trash out, do 10 push-ups, take a walk around the block, etc.)

-        Avoiding/Reducing junk food: Less pizza, sodas, candies, ice-cream, donuts, cheeseburgers, etc. You can replace them with healthy food, such as whole wheat vegetables pizzas, juices, low fat ice-cream, whole wheat pancakes, nuts, turkey burgers, etc. Add more vegetables and fruits to your kids’ diet. Make McDonald’s a just once-a-week family outing.

-        Keeping a meals schedule: No more eating throughout the day. Keep a schedule. Allow at least a couple of food-free hours between meals and snacks. 

-        Exercising: Take your kids to the park, if possible, every day. Make them ride their bikes more often. Park far away so they have to walk. Take stairs rather than elevators. Enroll them in sports activities: they will not only get good exercise, but also they will have the opportunity to socialize and learn important skills. Have them help with household chores.

-        Rewarding healthy habits: You can even use “some” junk food during weekends outings, for example, as a reward for good behaviors during the week. In order to chart progress use a visual starts board or put money in a glass jar towards those treats.

-        Educating yourself: Learn about healthy eating habits. Consult with a nutritionist. Search the Internet. There is lot of information out there, most of it for free.

Mom, dad, it is your turn.

 

*Important: Always consult with a doctor when implementing a weight management plan.

 

Daniel Adatto, MA, BCBA

 

 

I’m bored!

One of the most dreaded words from our kids’ mouth. And I don’t blame them. Nobody likes to be bored, right? Advertisers and video games and TV producers know this very well. Images change every few seconds and are full of visual and auditory stimulation. And viewers have the ultimate control tool- the remote control. If we don’t like it, we change it. Programs that do not produce instant and intense gratification are gone in a click (from “The ABA Program Companion”, by J. Tyler Fovel).

And this also applies, of course, to our kids and students. They “change the channel” by simply not paying attention, ignoring and exhibiting all kinds of disruptive behaviors. A lot of the challenging behaviors we deal with on a daily basis (not all, of course) are based on boredom. So, teachers and parents should pay special attention to the speed of instruction and activities and should have appropriate materials to keep children stimulated and engaged. It could drastically change the dynamic of the classroom and the household. Like hunger, if we wait until the child is bored is too late.    

Some proven effective strategies include:

-        Keep them busy: Plan ahead of time and structure the day in a consistently stimulating schedule of activities, including breaks and free time.

-        Choose very stimulating materials: The new technologies available (tablets, mini computers, smart phones, etc.) makes it much easier. Attention: Do no overload them with video games. Intersect arts & crafts and physical activities, including outings and outdoor playing.

-        Provide them with physical outlets and opportunities for social interactions in structure setting, such as sport/arts classes and community centers activities. Plan play-dates.

-        Eliminate the competition: make undesired items/activities unavailable as much as possible.

-        Set up the physical environment so that the opportunities for misbehaviors are reduced or eliminated.

-        Teach and encourage choice making: include in your daily schedule opportunities for your kids to make choices. Too many rules can create oppositional behaviors. If they feel they have no control, they will fight for it, I assure you.

 

-        And schedule times to play with them. See our previous blog “Special time” for more information.

Avoid boredom and you will be ahead of the game.

 

Daniel Adatto, BCBA

 

 

Special Time

Spending quality time with your child every day can help prevent behavior problems and helps build a loving family environment. Special time with your child is also an excellent way to reward your child for good behavior and to teach your child appropriate ways to behave.

Quality time consists of those special moments when parents give their undivided one-on-one attention to their child and needs to occur on a regular basis. It is the one-on-one time that really builds intimacy and a positive relationship.

If your child is playing quietly in his room, don’t sneak away to make a phone call. Reward your child for the good behavior with some quality time and then explain to him that you need to make a call. Playing with your child is also an opportunity to demonstrate and model appropriate behaviors, for example taking turns, sharing, winning, losing and waiting. Comment on what he/she is doing and commend him/her by saying something like “You won – good job”.

Most parents, especially working parents, do not get down on the floor to play with their children enough. You can change the dynamic of your household by making a daily habit of setting aside certain times of day to spend quality time with your children. The outcomes and the effect on your child’s behavior will be immeasurable.

Here are some tips for successful quality time with your children:

1. Schedule it ahead of time.
2. Schedule regularly – daily is best.
3. Quality Time is to be spent between parent and child alone, no others present.
4. Your child chooses what to do, he/she is the captain (parent may impose limits such as amount of time, amount of money spent, if junk food allowed, etc.).
5. Activities should be age appropriate for the child.
6. Parent gives the child their full attention. No phones and no TV allowed.
7. Parent follows the child’s lead. Child gets to be boss and direct the parent in their play.
8. Parent does not discuss limits or discipline during this time. It is positive interaction only.
9. Parent does not talk about other family members or their own issues. The child is the center of the universe during this time.
10. Special time is not to be canceled as a result of misbehavior. Choose other consequences.

Spend special time with your kids. And start now. The Holidays are a great opportunity.

Happy Special Time!

 

Daniel Adatto, BCBA

 

Bribing or Rewarding?

“Parenthood” (NBC- Tuesdays at 10PM) is an excellent show. Good actors and good and unpredictable scripts that present believable stories that make it easy to identify with the characters and their lives.

One of the families just adopted a boy and they are having a hard time making him do his homework and household chores. The mother goes to her sister, who has three kids, one of them with Asperger’s Syndrome, and asked her “How do you do it?”

“We bribe them. As much as they called it rewarding, we bribe them. A piece of candy for taking out the trash, two pieces for doing homework, and so on.”

She goes home, tries it with her adopted son, and, oh surprise, it works.  

Is she bribing, or motivating her child to perform a non-preferred activity? Are they bribing me when they pay me for doing my job? Do parents bribe their kids when they tell them “First eat your food and then you can have dessert”?  Do teachers bribe students when they tell them they have to finish their work before they go to recess? Or give them points towards a pizza party? Do you bribe your plumber when you pay him to fix that annoying leak?

According to Wikipedia, bribe is “Something (usually money) given in exchange for influence or as an inducement to dishonesty.”

Does working, doing homework, helping with house chores or learning at school fall under that definition?

Allow me be very clear, NO. I think it’s time to understand that we engage in behaviors because they work, we get something. And when we ask children to do something they don’t want to do, we need to motivate them, so they want to do it. Plain and simple.

So when our character offers candy to her child she is motivating him, not bribing him. By the way, it doesn’t have to be candy. Moreover, I don’t recommend using always candy, because then you have to deal with the sugar rush and the side effects of unhealthy food.  Good rewards can be preferred activities, such as playing computer or video games. Allowance is another option. Points to earn a special treat or a day at Disneyland are always very effective if your child is old enough to understand delayed rewards. I have a client that earns pieces of a puzzle that shows the McDonald’s logo. Once he completes the puzzle, parents take him to McDonalds on Sundays after church. Raffle numbers, lotteries type systems, playing favorite games, are more examples. And candy on moderation if your child is healthy is OK. After all, they are kids.

You don’t bribe when you motivate your kids to do something in their benefit. Do you bribe your mechanic when you pay him to fix your card, or the dentist to take care of your teeth?

So, three words: Motivation, Motivation, Motivation. Let’s get out there and motivate our kids instead of forcing them, or hoping they will comply.

 And if it doesn’t work, try bribing them.

 Daniel Adatto, BCBA